CMU Math 113: College Algebra Guide


CMU Math 113: College Algebra Guide

This particular course, provided at a public college in Grand Junction, Colorado, usually covers precalculus matters. These foundational mathematical ideas usually embody features, trigonometry, and algebraic manipulations, getting ready college students for calculus and different higher-level math programs. A typical curriculum may contain in-class lectures, problem-solving periods, and probably on-line elements.

Profitable completion of this precalculus course is usually a prerequisite for quite a few STEM (Science, Expertise, Engineering, and Arithmetic) diploma applications. It offers college students with the required mathematical toolkit for understanding core ideas in fields akin to physics, engineering, and pc science. Traditionally, precalculus programs have bridged the hole between algebra and calculus, guaranteeing college students possess the basic abilities to achieve superior mathematical research. This explicit establishment’s providing seemingly contributes to the regional workforce growth in these important fields.

This foundational course’s position inside broader educational {and professional} pathways warrants additional examination. Subjects to discover embody particular profession purposes, pedagogical approaches employed in delivering the course content material, and the evolving panorama of mathematical training inside the context of upper studying.

1. Precalculus

Precalculus serves because the cornerstone of Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113, offering college students with the important mathematical background essential for achievement in calculus and different superior STEM programs. This foundational course bridges the hole between algebra and calculus, equipping college students with the algebraic and trigonometric abilities required to navigate higher-level mathematical ideas.

  • Capabilities and Their Graphs

    Capabilities, as the basic constructing blocks of calculus, are explored in depth. College students be taught to investigate numerous operate varieties, together with polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric features. Graphing these features, understanding their properties, and manipulating them algebraically are key elements of this side, enabling college students to mannequin real-world phenomena and develop important problem-solving abilities instantly relevant in subsequent calculus programs.

  • Trigonometric Identities and Equations

    Trigonometry performs a vital position in calculus, notably in purposes involving periodic features and oscillatory movement. Math 113 emphasizes trigonometric identities and equations, offering college students with the instruments to simplify advanced trigonometric expressions and clear up trigonometric equations, laying the groundwork for purposes in fields like physics and engineering.

  • Algebraic Manipulation and Drawback Fixing

    Sturdy algebraic abilities are paramount for achievement in calculus. This course reinforces algebraic manipulation strategies, together with factoring, simplifying expressions, and fixing equations. These abilities are usually not merely summary manipulations; they’re the instruments college students will use to resolve advanced calculus issues and mannequin real-world situations. Proficiency in algebra is a prerequisite for tackling the complexities of differential and integral calculus.

  • Analytic Geometry and Conic Sections

    Analytic geometry connects algebra and geometry, offering a visible and algebraic understanding of geometric shapes. This side introduces conic sectionscircles, ellipses, parabolas, and hyperbolasand their equations. These ideas are elementary to understanding numerous purposes in physics, engineering, and pc graphics, in addition to offering a basis for multivariable calculus.

These interconnected sides of precalculus inside Math 113 domesticate a strong mathematical basis, empowering college students to transition seamlessly into calculus and different superior STEM disciplines. By mastering these ideas, college students develop the analytical and problem-solving abilities essential for educational success and future careers in STEM-related fields. This complete precalculus basis strengthens college students total mathematical literacy and prepares them for the trials of upper training {and professional} purposes.

2. Capabilities

Capabilities kind a central theme inside Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113. A powerful grasp of features is essential for progressing to calculus and understanding its purposes throughout numerous disciplines. The course explores numerous operate varieties, together with polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric features. College students be taught to investigate operate conduct, akin to area, vary, intercepts, and asymptotes. This evaluation offers instruments for deciphering and predicting operate conduct in numerous contexts.

Think about a projectile movement state of affairs. The peak of a projectile over time may be modeled by a quadratic operate. Understanding operate properties permits one to find out the utmost peak reached, the time of flight, and the projectile’s vary. In one other instance, exponential features mannequin inhabitants development or decay. Analyzing these features permits predictions about future inhabitants sizes based mostly on present traits. Inside Math 113, these ideas are explored by graphical illustration, algebraic manipulation, and real-world purposes, emphasizing the sensible significance of features in numerous fields like physics, engineering, and biology.

Mastering features inside Math 113 offers a stable basis for subsequent mathematical research and sensible software in STEM fields. This foundational understanding permits college students to mannequin and analyze advanced techniques, interpret information successfully, and clear up issues involving dynamic relationships. Whereas challenges might come up in greedy summary operate ideas, the course offers sources and assist to beat these difficulties and domesticate a deeper understanding of their pivotal position in superior arithmetic and real-world problem-solving.

3. Trigonometry

Trigonometry kinds a major factor of Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113, offering important instruments for analyzing angles, triangles, and periodic features. This foundational data is essential for subsequent coursework in calculus, physics, engineering, and different STEM fields. Math 113 emphasizes each the theoretical underpinnings and sensible purposes of trigonometry, getting ready college students for numerous problem-solving situations.

  • Angle Measurement and Trigonometric Capabilities

    Understanding angles and their measurement in radians and levels is prime. Math 113 explores the six trigonometric functionssine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangentdefining them by way of proper triangles and unit circles. This understanding permits for the evaluation of triangular relationships and lays the groundwork for modeling periodic phenomena, akin to oscillations and wave propagation.

  • Trigonometric Identities and Equations

    Manipulating trigonometric expressions and fixing trigonometric equations are key abilities developed in Math 113. College students be taught elementary trigonometric identities, such because the Pythagorean identities and angle sum/distinction formulation. These identities allow simplification of advanced expressions and supply instruments for fixing trigonometric equations encountered in numerous purposes, together with physics, engineering, and pc graphics.

  • Graphs of Trigonometric Capabilities

    Visualizing trigonometric features by their graphs is crucial for understanding their conduct and properties. Math 113 explores the graphs of sine, cosine, tangent, and their reciprocal features, emphasizing key traits akin to amplitude, interval, part shift, and vertical shifts. This graphical understanding permits for the evaluation and interpretation of periodic phenomena, akin to sound waves and electromagnetic radiation.

  • Purposes of Trigonometry

    Math 113 emphasizes the sensible purposes of trigonometry, demonstrating its relevance in numerous fields. Examples embody calculating distances and heights utilizing triangulation, analyzing oscillatory movement in physics, and modeling wave conduct in engineering. These purposes underscore the significance of trigonometry as a sensible device for problem-solving in real-world situations.

The trigonometric ideas lined in Math 113 set up a robust basis for subsequent mathematical research and purposes in numerous STEM disciplines. Mastery of those ideas equips college students with the analytical abilities wanted to resolve advanced issues involving angles, triangles, and periodic features. This foundational understanding of trigonometry offers a gateway to superior mathematical ideas and serves as a important device for future educational {and professional} pursuits.

4. Algebra

Algebra serves as a important basis inside Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113, offering the important language and instruments for manipulating mathematical expressions and fixing equations. A powerful grasp of algebraic ideas is indispensable for achievement in precalculus and subsequent calculus programs. Math 113 reinforces and extends prior algebraic data, equipping college students with the abilities essential to deal with extra advanced mathematical ideas. The course emphasizes the sensible software of algebra, demonstrating its relevance in numerous fields.

Think about the idea of factoring polynomials. Inside Math 113, factoring is just not merely an summary train; it turns into a vital device for simplifying expressions, fixing equations, and analyzing operate conduct. As an illustration, factoring a quadratic equation permits one to find out its roots, which correspond to the factors the place the graph of the operate intersects the x-axis. This understanding has direct purposes in physics, engineering, and different fields the place analyzing quadratic features is crucial. Equally, manipulating algebraic expressions with fractional exponents is essential for understanding calculus ideas like derivatives and integrals. The flexibility to simplify advanced algebraic expressions permits college students to successfully analyze and manipulate mathematical fashions representing real-world phenomena.

A strong understanding of algebra acquired in Math 113 empowers college students to method superior mathematical ideas with confidence. Whereas challenges in mastering algebraic manipulation might come up, the course offers sources and assist to beat these hurdles. This foundational algebraic data serves as a cornerstone for achievement in higher-level arithmetic and offers a flexible toolset relevant throughout quite a few scientific and technical disciplines. The course’s emphasis on sensible software ensures that college students not solely grasp the theoretical underpinnings of algebra but additionally perceive its real-world significance.

5. Calculus Preparation

Calculus preparation kinds the core goal of Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113. This course equips college students with the foundational mathematical abilities and conceptual understanding essential for achievement in subsequent calculus programs. A powerful precalculus basis is essential for tackling the complexities of differential and integral calculus, enabling college students to confidently method superior mathematical ideas and their purposes in numerous fields.

  • Capabilities and Limits

    A deep understanding of features, together with their properties, graphs, and algebraic manipulation, is crucial for calculus. Math 113 emphasizes analyzing numerous operate varieties, getting ready college students to work with limits, a elementary idea in calculus. Limits describe the conduct of a operate as its enter approaches a selected worth, laying the groundwork for understanding derivatives and integrals. This foundational data permits college students to investigate operate continuity, differentiability, and different key calculus ideas.

  • Trigonometric Capabilities and Identities

    Calculus ceaselessly includes trigonometric features, notably in purposes involving periodic phenomena and oscillatory movement. Math 113 offers a complete overview of trigonometric features, their identities, and their graphs. This prepares college students to deal with trigonometric expressions and equations inside the context of calculus, enabling them to resolve issues associated to charges of change, areas, and volumes involving trigonometric features.

  • Algebraic Manipulation and Drawback-Fixing

    Sturdy algebraic abilities are paramount for achievement in calculus. Math 113 reinforces algebraic manipulation strategies, together with factoring, simplifying expressions, and fixing equations. These abilities are usually not merely summary manipulations; they’re the instruments college students will use to resolve advanced calculus issues, simplify derivatives, and consider integrals. Proficiency in algebra is a prerequisite for tackling the intricacies of differential and integral calculus.

  • Conceptual Understanding and Mathematical Reasoning

    Past particular abilities, Math 113 fosters important considering and mathematical reasoning. College students develop the power to investigate issues, formulate options, and justify their reasoning logically. This conceptual understanding is essential for achievement in calculus, the place problem-solving usually requires a deep understanding of underlying mathematical ideas. The course encourages college students to method mathematical issues with a conceptual mindset, getting ready them for the trials of higher-level arithmetic.

These sides of Math 113 collectively contribute to strong calculus preparation. By mastering these ideas and abilities, college students achieve the required basis to confidently method the challenges of calculus and its purposes in numerous STEM fields. This complete precalculus preparation equips college students not solely with the technical instruments but additionally with the conceptual understanding and problem-solving abilities essential for achievement in higher-level arithmetic and its real-world purposes.

6. STEM Basis

Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113 performs an important position in establishing a strong STEM basis. This precalculus course offers the important mathematical groundwork for quite a few STEM disciplines, together with physics, engineering, pc science, and information science. The ideas lined features, trigonometry, and algebra are elementary constructing blocks for higher-level STEM coursework {and professional} purposes. As an illustration, understanding features is essential for modeling bodily phenomena in physics and engineering, whereas trigonometric ideas are important for analyzing wave conduct and designing electrical circuits. Algebraic manipulation abilities are ubiquitous throughout STEM fields, enabling problem-solving and information evaluation. The course’s emphasis on problem-solving and demanding considering additional strengthens college students’ analytical talents, important for achievement in STEM careers.

Think about the sphere of pc science. Discrete arithmetic, a core part of pc science curricula, depends closely on the precalculus ideas lined in Math 113. Set idea, logic, and graph idea, all important for algorithm design and information construction evaluation, construct upon the foundational understanding of features and algebraic reasoning developed in precalculus. Equally, in engineering, differential equations, used to mannequin dynamic techniques, require a robust grasp of calculus, which in flip necessitates a stable precalculus basis. With out proficiency in precalculus matters, college students face vital challenges in comprehending and making use of superior STEM ideas.

In conclusion, Math 113 offers a vital stepping stone for college kids pursuing STEM-related fields. The course’s emphasis on foundational mathematical ideas and problem-solving abilities empowers college students to deal with the complexities of higher-level STEM coursework and prepares them for the analytical rigors of STEM careers. Whereas mastering precalculus can current challenges, the ensuing sturdy STEM basis offers a major benefit for college kids pursuing educational {and professional} success in these important and quickly evolving fields. This foundational data contributes considerably to workforce growth and innovation inside the STEM area.

7. School Arithmetic

School arithmetic builds upon and expands the mathematical foundations established in secondary training. Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113 exemplifies this development, serving as a bridge between highschool algebra and superior mathematical research required for STEM disciplines. The course introduces college students to the rigor and depth of college-level arithmetic, emphasizing conceptual understanding alongside procedural fluency. This transition usually requires college students to undertake extra summary considering and develop stronger problem-solving abilities. As an illustration, whereas highschool algebra may concentrate on manipulating equations, Math 113 delves into the properties and conduct of features, getting ready college students for the extra summary ideas encountered in calculus and past. This deeper understanding of features is essential for modeling advanced techniques in fields like physics, engineering, and pc science. The course additionally introduces trigonometric ideas important for understanding periodic phenomena and their purposes in numerous scientific disciplines.

The significance of Math 113 inside the broader context of faculty arithmetic lies in its preparatory position. Success on this course equips college students with the foundational data and abilities wanted to deal with higher-level arithmetic programs. Think about the idea of limits, launched in Math 113. This seemingly summary idea kinds the idea of differential calculus, enabling college students to know instantaneous charges of change and slopes of curves. And not using a stable grasp of limits, progressing to calculus turns into considerably difficult. Equally, the trigonometric identities and equations lined in Math 113 are important for fixing issues in calculus, physics, and engineering involving periodic features. These ideas and abilities acquired in Math 113 are usually not merely remoted matters; they kind interconnected constructing blocks that assist subsequent mathematical studying.

In abstract, Math 113 embodies the essence of faculty arithmetic by offering a rigorous and in-depth exploration of precalculus ideas. It challenges college students to raise their mathematical considering, getting ready them for the calls for of higher-level coursework and the sensible software of arithmetic in numerous fields. Whereas the transition to school arithmetic can current challenges, efficiently navigating programs like Math 113 establishes a stable basis for educational {and professional} pursuits in STEM and past. This foundational data not solely equips college students with particular mathematical instruments but additionally cultivates important considering and problem-solving abilities important for achievement in a variety of disciplines.

8. Course Necessities

Course necessities for Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113 outline the required conditions, anticipated dedication, and evaluation standards for profitable completion. These stipulations guarantee college students possess the foundational data and abilities wanted to navigate the course content material successfully and obtain the meant studying outcomes. Understanding these necessities is essential for potential college students contemplating enrollment and for present college students looking for to optimize their studying expertise.

  • Conditions

    Math 113 usually requires profitable completion of intermediate algebra or an equal placement rating. This prerequisite ensures college students enter the course with a ample understanding of algebraic manipulation, equation fixing, and elementary mathematical ideas. Enough preparation is essential for tackling the extra superior precalculus matters lined in Math 113, akin to features, trigonometry, and analytic geometry. College students missing the required conditions might face vital challenges in greedy the course materials and are inspired to deal with these foundational gaps earlier than enrolling.

  • Coursework and Assessments

    Math 113 usually includes a mix of lectures, problem-solving periods, homework assignments, quizzes, and exams. Common attendance and lively participation in lectures and problem-solving periods are essential for understanding the ideas and creating problem-solving abilities. Homework assignments present alternatives to follow making use of the discovered ideas, whereas quizzes and exams assess college students’ understanding and mastery of the fabric. The particular weighting of those assessments varies relying on the teacher however usually features a mixture of in-class and take-home evaluations.

  • Time Dedication and Research Habits

    Math 113, like most college-level arithmetic programs, calls for a major time dedication exterior of scheduled class conferences. College students ought to anticipate dedicating a number of hours per week to finding out, finishing homework assignments, and getting ready for assessments. Growing efficient research habits, akin to common evaluation, follow problem-solving, and looking for help when wanted, is crucial for achievement. Proactive time administration and constant effort contribute considerably to attaining the specified studying outcomes.

  • Expertise Necessities

    Relying on the course format and teacher, Math 113 might require entry to particular software program or on-line platforms. This may embody graphing calculators, pc algebra techniques, or on-line studying administration techniques. College students ought to familiarize themselves with these expertise necessities earlier than the course begins to make sure they’ve the required instruments and sources. Entry to dependable web connectivity can be important for on-line elements or assignments.

Efficiently navigating these course necessities is paramount for attaining the training goals of Math 113. These stipulations be certain that college students enter the course adequately ready, interact with the fabric successfully, and show their understanding by numerous assessments. Fulfilling these necessities not solely contributes to educational success within the course but additionally lays the inspiration for future mathematical pursuits and STEM-related research.

9. Tutorial Pathway

Tutorial pathways characterize the structured sequences of programs college students undertake to attain particular academic and profession objectives. Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113 performs a vital position inside numerous educational pathways, notably these resulting in STEM-related levels. This precalculus course offers the important mathematical basis upon which subsequent coursework in calculus, physics, engineering, and pc science builds. Consequently, profitable completion of Math 113 usually serves as a prerequisite or corequisite for quite a few STEM programs, influencing a pupil’s capability to progress alongside their chosen educational trajectory. For instance, college students pursuing a bachelor’s diploma in mechanical engineering usually require a robust basis in calculus and differential equations, each of which rely closely on the precalculus ideas lined in Math 113. Equally, pc science applications usually incorporate discrete arithmetic programs, which construct upon the foundational understanding of units, logic, and features developed in precalculus. Due to this fact, Math 113 acts as a gateway course, facilitating entry to superior STEM coursework and in the end influencing a pupil’s capability to finish their chosen diploma program.

The significance of Math 113 inside an instructional pathway extends past fulfilling conditions. The course cultivates important considering and problem-solving abilities important for achievement in STEM fields. Analyzing features, fixing trigonometric equations, and making use of algebraic manipulations develop analytical talents relevant throughout numerous disciplines. These abilities allow college students to method advanced issues systematically, formulate options logically, and interpret outcomes critically. Moreover, Math 113 exposes college students to the rigor and depth of college-level arithmetic, getting ready them for the mental calls for of superior coursework. This publicity may be notably essential for college kids transitioning from highschool to school, fostering a deeper understanding of mathematical ideas and their purposes in numerous fields. Sensible purposes inside the course content material additional solidify the relevance of precalculus to real-world situations, motivating college students and reinforcing their dedication to their chosen educational pathway.

In abstract, Math 113 serves as a important juncture inside quite a few educational pathways, notably these resulting in STEM-related levels and careers. Its position extends past fulfilling conditions; the course cultivates important mathematical abilities, fosters analytical considering, and prepares college students for the trials of superior coursework. Whereas navigating the challenges of precalculus may be demanding, efficiently finishing Math 113 unlocks alternatives for additional educational development and contributes considerably to a pupil’s total educational success inside their chosen subject. Understanding the course’s significance inside a broader educational context empowers college students to method their research with function and a clearer imaginative and prescient of their future academic and profession objectives. A powerful efficiency in Math 113 strengthens a college students educational basis and enhances their prospects for achievement of their chosen STEM pathway.

Continuously Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning precalculus coursework at Colorado Mesa College, offering concise and informative responses to help potential and present college students.

Query 1: What are the standard conditions for enrolling on this precalculus course?

Profitable completion of intermediate algebra or attaining a qualifying rating on a placement examination is usually required. Conditions guarantee college students possess the required algebraic basis for precalculus.

Query 2: How does this course put together college students for calculus?

The curriculum emphasizes features, trigonometry, and algebraic manipulation, offering the important abilities and conceptual understanding wanted for differential and integral calculus.

Query 3: What are the first matters lined on this precalculus course?

Key matters embody features (polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric), trigonometric identities and equations, analytic geometry, and algebraic manipulation strategies.

Query 4: What profession paths profit from a robust understanding of precalculus?

Precalculus offers a basis for quite a few STEM careers, together with engineering, pc science, physics, information science, and different fields requiring analytical and problem-solving abilities.

Query 5: What sources can be found to college students who encounter difficulties within the course?

The college usually gives tutoring companies, supplemental instruction, and teacher workplace hours to assist college students going through challenges. Using these sources enhances the training expertise.

Query 6: How does this course contribute to a pupil’s total educational success?

Mastering precalculus strengthens mathematical literacy, enhances important considering abilities, and prepares college students for the trials of higher-level coursework in numerous disciplines.

Understanding these key points of the course contributes to a extra knowledgeable and profitable studying expertise. Thorough preparation and engagement with out there sources improve a pupil’s capability to attain the meant studying outcomes.

Additional exploration of particular course insurance policies, teacher expectations, and out there assist companies is advisable.

Suggestions for Success in Precalculus

Navigating precalculus requires a strategic method and constant effort. The following pointers provide sensible steerage for college kids looking for to excel in a course like Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject material and enhancing educational efficiency.

Tip 1: Constant Evaluate is Key: Recurrently evaluation beforehand lined materials to bolster understanding and determine any data gaps. Constant evaluation prevents ideas from fading and solidifies foundational data essential for tackling extra superior matters. For instance, dedicating a brief interval every day to reviewing beforehand discovered formulation and ideas can considerably enhance long-term retention.

Tip 2: Apply Drawback-Fixing: Arithmetic is finest discovered by lively follow. Work by quite a few follow issues from the textbook or different sources. Give attention to understanding the underlying ideas fairly than merely memorizing procedures. This method strengthens problem-solving talents and builds confidence in making use of mathematical ideas.

Tip 3: Make the most of Accessible Assets: Make the most of tutoring companies, supplemental instruction periods, and teacher workplace hours. These sources provide personalised help and may make clear difficult ideas or tackle particular questions. Looking for assist when wanted demonstrates proactive studying and may stop minor difficulties from escalating into main obstacles.

Tip 4: Collaborate with Friends: Forming research teams with classmates offers alternatives for collaborative studying and peer assist. Explaining ideas to others reinforces understanding, whereas discussing difficult issues can result in new insights and views. Collaborative studying environments foster a way of neighborhood and may improve motivation.

Tip 5: Grasp Foundational Algebra: Precalculus builds upon algebraic foundations. Guarantee a robust grasp of algebraic manipulation, equation fixing, and factoring. Reviewing algebraic ideas can stop difficulties in understanding extra superior precalculus ideas. A stable algebraic basis streamlines the training course of and reduces potential frustration.

Tip 6: Perceive Perform Habits: Give attention to comprehending the conduct of various operate varieties, together with polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric features. Visualizing operate graphs and understanding their properties is essential for achievement in precalculus and subsequent calculus programs. A deep understanding of features unlocks the power to mannequin and analyze advanced techniques.

Tip 7: Develop Sturdy Time Administration Abilities: Precalculus requires devoted research time. Set up a daily research schedule and allocate ample time for homework assignments, follow issues, and evaluation. Efficient time administration reduces stress and permits for extra centered and productive studying. Constant effort over time yields higher outcomes than sporadic bursts of intense research.

Constant implementation of those methods considerably will increase the chance of success in precalculus. These practices not solely enhance educational efficiency but additionally domesticate invaluable abilities relevant throughout quite a few disciplines.

By adopting the following pointers, college students equip themselves with the instruments and habits essential to excel in precalculus and past. This preparation lays the inspiration for future educational success and opens doorways to numerous profession alternatives.

Colorado Mesa College Math 113

This exploration of Colorado Mesa College’s Math 113 has highlighted its essential position as a gateway to STEM disciplines. The course’s concentrate on precalculusencompassing features, trigonometry, and strong algebraic manipulationequips college students with the foundational mathematical abilities and conceptual understanding essential for achievement in higher-level arithmetic and a variety of STEM fields. From analyzing features to fixing trigonometric equations, the curriculum develops important considering and problem-solving talents relevant throughout numerous disciplines. Moreover, the course’s emphasis on sensible purposes underscores the relevance of precalculus to real-world situations in science, expertise, engineering, and arithmetic.

Math 113 represents not merely a course to be accomplished, however a basis to be constructed. A powerful efficiency on this precalculus course unlocks alternatives for educational {and professional} development inside STEM. College students are inspired to embrace the challenges, make the most of out there sources, and domesticate efficient research habits to maximise their studying and unlock their full potential in these important and evolving fields. The data and abilities acquired in Math 113 empower people to contribute meaningfully to innovation and progress inside STEM, shaping the way forward for these dynamic disciplines.