9+ Free Printable Charizard Coloring Pages


9+ Free Printable Charizard Coloring Pages

Illustrations of the Pokmon character, Charizard, designed particularly for coloring actions, supply a inventive outlet for followers. These printable pages usually depict Charizard in numerous poses, showcasing its fiery nature and dragon-like options. They’ll vary from easy outlines for youthful kids to extra complicated designs with intricate particulars for older fans.

Coloring actions that includes this in style creature present leisure and might foster inventive abilities. They provide a soothing pastime and permit for self-expression by way of coloration selections. Such actions can even function a fascinating academic software, introducing youthful audiences to the world of Pokmon and inspiring creativity inside a structured framework. The character’s enduring reputation since its introduction within the first era of Pokmon video games has ensured a continued demand for these coloring pages.

Additional exploration can delve into matters comparable to the assorted sources for locating these coloring pages (on-line, in print), the totally different artwork kinds utilized in depicting Charizard, and the influence of character reputation on associated merchandise like coloring books.

1. Charizard’s Fiery Nature

Charizard’s fiery nature is integral to its visible illustration in coloring pages. This core attribute dictates coloration palettes, inventive selections, and the general impression conveyed. Flames, typically depicted emanating from its mouth and tail, change into central parts. Artists incessantly make use of heat hues like oranges, reds, and yellows to seize this essence. The depth of those colours and the best way flames are rendered contribute considerably to the web page’s dynamism and visible enchantment. This fiery side differentiates Charizard from different Pokmon, making it a visually hanging topic for coloring actions.

The depiction of flames provides a spread of inventive interpretations. Some coloring pages could emphasize real looking fireplace, whereas others go for a extra stylized or cartoonish strategy. This permits for inventive liberties in coloring, offering alternatives to experiment with shading, coloration gradients, and particular results. The flames additionally lend themselves to dynamic poses, capturing Charizard in motion, mid-flight, or getting ready to unleash an assault. These action-oriented depictions improve engagement and supply a way of movement throughout the static picture.

Understanding the significance of Charizard’s fiery nature is essential for each artists creating these coloring pages and people participating with them. It informs inventive choices, influencing coloration selections and composition. For these coloring, it provides an opportunity to discover the interaction of sunshine and shadow, capturing the essence of a robust, fire-breathing creature. This understanding enhances appreciation for the character’s design and the inventive potential inside a seemingly easy coloring web page.

2. Dynamic Poses and Assaults

Dynamic poses and depictions of assaults considerably improve the enchantment of Charizard coloring pages. Charizard, identified for its highly effective assaults like Flamethrower and Hearth Blast, interprets successfully into visually participating illustrations. These dynamic representations seize the character’s power and ferocity, providing a extra thrilling coloring expertise in comparison with static poses. A coloring web page that includes Charizard launching a Hearth Blast, wings outstretched and flames swirling, supplies a way of motion and energy, inviting extra imaginative coloring selections.

The depiction of particular assaults permits for larger element and complexity throughout the coloring web page. For instance, illustrating the swirling movement of a Hearth Spin assault requires intricate linework and a spotlight to flame dynamics. This complexity caters to extra skilled colorists whereas additionally providing youthful audiences a visually stimulating picture. Moreover, dynamic poses typically showcase Charizard’s bodily attributes, comparable to its highly effective wings, sharp claws, and imposing tail. These particulars enrich the coloring expertise, encouraging deal with particular options and fostering appreciation for the character’s design.

The connection between dynamic poses and assaults in Charizard coloring pages contributes considerably to their total enchantment. These depictions transfer past easy character illustration, providing a glimpse into Charizard’s energy and talents. The ensuing visible dynamism enhances engagement and encourages extra imaginative and expressive coloring. In the end, the inclusion of action-oriented poses strengthens the connection between the coloring web page and the dynamic world of Pokmon, fostering a deeper appreciation for the character and its function throughout the franchise.

3. Detailed Wing Buildings

Detailed wing constructions contribute considerably to the visible enchantment and complexity of Charizard coloring pages. Charizard’s wings, a distinguished and defining characteristic, supply substantial inventive potential. Correct illustration of the wing anatomy, together with the intricate patterns of bone and membrane, supplies visible richness. This complexity provides a compelling coloring problem, inviting shut consideration to element and inspiring exploration of texture and shading methods. The inclusion of detailed wing constructions elevates the coloring web page past a easy define, reworking it right into a extra participating and rewarding exercise. For example, the various configurations and dimensions of the wing segments create alternatives for coloration gradation and highlighting, mimicking the play of sunshine on a textured floor.

The extent of element in depicting wing constructions can even affect the perceived age appropriateness and ability degree related to a coloring web page. Less complicated, extra stylized wings may go well with youthful kids, whereas intricate, anatomically correct representations problem older artists. This variability expands the potential viewers for Charizard coloring pages, catering to a broader vary of ability units and pursuits. Moreover, detailed wings contribute to the general impression of Charizard’s energy and majesty. The dimensions and complexity of the wings visually talk power and flight functionality, reinforcing the character’s iconic standing as a robust flying Pokmon. Coloring pages that precisely seize these particulars improve appreciation for Charizard’s design and its place throughout the Pokmon universe.

In abstract, the inclusion of detailed wing constructions enhances Charizard coloring pages by including visible curiosity, offering alternatives for superior coloring methods, and reinforcing the character’s highly effective picture. The various ranges of element accommodate various ability ranges, broadening the enchantment of those coloring pages. Understanding the influence of wing construction depiction contributes to each the creation and delight of those inventive actions, enriching the connection between followers and this iconic Pokmon.

4. Highly effective Tail Flames

Charizard’s highly effective tail flames represent a defining attribute, considerably influencing its depiction in coloring pages. This iconic characteristic provides substantial inventive alternatives, impacting coloration selections, composition, and the general impression of energy and dynamism. Understanding the visible illustration of those flames is essential for each artists creating the pages and people participating with them as a inventive outlet.

  • Visible Illustration of Depth

    The depth of Charizard’s tail flames is usually conveyed by way of variations in coloration and dimension. Bigger, brighter flames usually signify larger energy or heightened emotional states. Artists make the most of coloration gradients and shading methods to depict flickering flames, including depth and realism. This visible illustration permits for inventive interpretation throughout coloring, providing selections in coloration saturation and mixing to precise totally different ranges of depth.

  • Flame Dynamics and Motion

    Depicting flame dynamics provides a way of motion and power to in any other case static photos. Artists could illustrate flames swirling, billowing, or trailing behind Charizard, suggesting movement and motion. These dynamic representations present a visible narrative, capturing the character mid-flight or getting ready to unleash an assault. Colorists can additional emphasize this motion by way of cautious coloration selections, creating the phantasm of flickering and shifting flames.

  • Symbolic Significance of Flames

    The tail flames maintain symbolic significance, representing Charizard’s fiery nature and interior power. The flames are sometimes linked to its emotional state, burning brighter when angered or excited. This symbolic connection enhances the character’s depth and visible influence. Coloring pages can leverage this symbolism by using coloration palettes that replicate totally different moods or states of being. For instance, cooler blues and purples may counsel a calmer state, whereas vibrant oranges and reds may point out aggression or energy.

  • Impression on Composition and Total Design

    The tail flames affect the general composition of the coloring web page. The flames typically function a focus, drawing the attention and balancing the visible weight of the character’s design. Their dimension and place relative to Charizard’s physique influence the perceived dynamism and power of the picture. Artists take into account these compositional parts to create a visually interesting and interesting coloring expertise, offering a framework for colorists to precise their creativity.

The depiction of Charizard’s highly effective tail flames provides an important layer of visible curiosity and symbolic which means to coloring pages. By exploring variations in depth, dynamics, and symbolic significance, artists and colorists alike can have interaction with the character’s fiery nature on a deeper degree. This understanding enhances the inventive course of and reinforces the connection between the coloring exercise and the broader Pokmon universe.

5. Variations in Artwork Fashion

Variations in artwork type considerably influence the aesthetic enchantment and audience of Charizard coloring pages. Totally different inventive approaches cater to various ability ranges and preferences, starting from simplified designs for youthful kids to intricate illustrations for skilled colorists. Understanding these stylistic variations supplies perception into the inventive selections behind these coloring pages and their effectiveness in participating totally different demographics.

  • Simplified/Chibi Fashion

    Simplified or chibi kinds typically characteristic exaggerated proportions, massive heads, and minimal element. This strategy prioritizes cuteness and accessibility for youthful audiences. Massive, clearly outlined areas simplify the coloring course of, making it simpler for youthful kids to remain throughout the strains and benefit from the exercise. These simplified designs typically deal with Charizard’s most recognizable options, comparable to its wings, tail flames, and horns, making them immediately identifiable even with lowered element.

  • Anime/Manga Fashion

    Anime/manga kinds usually adhere to the established visible conventions of Japanese animation and comics. This type emphasizes dynamic poses, expressive eyes, and flowing strains. These coloring pages typically depict Charizard in motion, capturing its power and energy. The elevated element and complexity on this type current a tougher and rewarding coloring expertise for older audiences aware of the anime/manga aesthetic.

  • Practical/Detailed Fashion

    Practical or detailed kinds prioritize anatomical accuracy and complex particulars. This strategy could incorporate parts of conventional illustration or digital portray methods. Such coloring pages typically showcase Charizard’s textured pores and skin, detailed wing constructions, and nuanced shading. The complexity of those designs caters to skilled colorists searching for a tougher and immersive inventive expertise.

  • Distinctive/Stylized Interpretations

    Distinctive or stylized interpretations supply inventive freedom, deviating from established conventions to current a contemporary perspective on Charizard. This strategy may contain incorporating parts of various artwork actions, cultural influences, or private inventive expression. These variations can introduce distinctive coloration palettes, summary parts, or unconventional poses, leading to coloring pages that stand out and enchantment to people searching for one thing totally different. Such stylized interpretations can even supply a place to begin for conversations about inventive expression and creativity.

The various vary of artwork kinds employed in creating Charizard coloring pages contributes considerably to their widespread enchantment. By catering to totally different ability ranges, age teams, and aesthetic preferences, these variations guarantee that there is a Charizard coloring web page for everybody. This stylistic range not solely supplies a broader vary of inventive shops but in addition displays the enduring reputation and adaptableness of the character itself.

6. Printable Codecs (PDF, JPG)

Printable codecs, primarily PDF and JPG, are integral to the accessibility and utility of Pokmon coloring pages that includes Charizard. These digital codecs facilitate widespread distribution and ease of use. The PDF format, identified for preserving formatting and picture high quality, ensures that intricate particulars in Charizard’s design, comparable to scales, wings, and flames, stay crisp and clear no matter printing circumstances. This preservation of element enhances the coloring expertise and permits for a extra devoted illustration of the character. JPG, whereas providing wider compatibility throughout totally different gadgets, could typically compromise picture high quality, notably in instances of excessive compression. Nevertheless, its smaller file dimension facilitates quicker downloads and sharing, contributing to the accessibility of those coloring pages. A available PDF model of a posh Charizard illustration permits for high-quality prints appropriate for framing or show, whereas a JPG model of an easier design could also be perfect for fast, informal coloring actions.

The selection between PDF and JPG impacts the sensible utility of those coloring pages. PDFs, with their vector-based graphics, supply scalability with out lack of high quality, making them appropriate for enlarging and printing at numerous sizes. This scalability advantages academic settings or conditions requiring bigger codecs. JPGs, being raster-based, are resolution-dependent, which means enlarging them can result in pixelation and lowered readability. Nevertheless, their common compatibility and smaller file dimension make them readily shareable by way of e-mail, social media, or messaging apps. This ease of sharing contributes to the group side of coloring actions, permitting followers to change and evaluate their coloured creations. For example, an in depth Charizard coloring web page distributed as a PDF permits for high-quality prints appropriate for artwork contests or exhibitions, whereas a JPG model facilitates fast sharing and on-line collaboration amongst followers.

The supply of Charizard coloring pages in printable codecs like PDF and JPG is important for his or her widespread use and delight. Understanding the nuances of those codecs, together with their respective benefits and limitations relating to picture high quality, scalability, and sharing capabilities, ensures applicable choice and optimum utilization. This understanding enhances the sensible utility of those sources, catering to numerous wants and contexts, from informal coloring actions to academic functions and inventive expression throughout the Pokmon fan group. Balancing accessibility with picture high quality stays a key consideration within the distribution of those digital sources, impacting the general person expertise and the efficient engagement with the character and franchise.

7. Accessibility for various ages

The accessibility of Charizard coloring pages throughout numerous age teams contributes considerably to the character’s enduring reputation and broad enchantment. Age-appropriate design issues make sure that people of all ages can have interaction with the character and benefit from the inventive technique of coloring. This accessibility fosters inventive expression, develops nice motor abilities, and strengthens the connection between followers and the Pokmon franchise.

  • Simplified Designs for Youthful Kids

    Less complicated designs with thicker strains and bigger areas to paint cater to youthful kids growing their nice motor abilities. These pages typically characteristic much less intricate particulars, permitting for simpler coloring and a larger sense of accomplishment. Daring outlines and clearly outlined sections reduce frustration and encourage engagement. For instance, a coloring web page that includes a close-up of Charizard’s face with massive, simplified options permits youthful kids to simply fill within the areas and acknowledge the character.

  • Complicated Illustrations for Older Audiences

    Extra complicated illustrations with intricate particulars and backgrounds present a difficult and interesting expertise for older kids and adults. These designs could embody detailed scales, dynamic poses, and complicated background parts, providing alternatives for superior shading and mixing methods. For example, a coloring web page depicting Charizard in mid-flight amidst a fiery background presents a tougher coloring expertise requiring larger precision and inventive ability.

  • Academic Alternatives Throughout Age Teams

    Charizard coloring pages can function academic instruments, introducing youthful audiences to fundamental coloration principle and older audiences to extra superior inventive ideas. Coloring inside designated areas reinforces spatial consciousness and nice motor management. Extra complicated illustrations can encourage exploration of shading, texture, and perspective. A coloring web page showcasing Charizard utilizing a selected assault, as an illustration, may immediate discussions in regards to the character’s skills and its function throughout the Pokmon universe.

  • Adaptability for Totally different Ability Ranges

    The supply of Charizard coloring pages in various ranges of complexity permits people to decide on designs applicable for his or her ability degree. This adaptability ensures a optimistic and rewarding coloring expertise, fostering confidence and inspiring additional inventive exploration. Learners can begin with less complicated designs and regularly progress to tougher illustrations as their abilities develop. This development builds confidence and encourages continued engagement with the character and the inventive course of.

The accessibility of Charizard coloring pages throughout totally different age teams reinforces the character’s enduring enchantment and its capability to interact people at numerous phases of growth. By providing a spread of complexities and incorporating academic alternatives, these coloring pages promote inventive expression, develop important abilities, and foster an enduring reference to the Pokmon world. The various vary of designs ensures that people of all ages can discover a Charizard coloring web page that sparks their creativity and supplies a rewarding coloring expertise.

8. Inventive Coloring Alternatives

Charizard coloring pages present a canvas for inventive expression, extending past merely filling in predefined strains. The character’s distinct design parts, together with its fiery nature, wings, and dynamic poses, supply distinctive alternatives for inventive exploration. Coloring turns into a method of non-public interpretation, permitting people to reimagine Charizard in various and imaginative methods. This fosters inventive growth, encourages experimentation, and strengthens the connection between the person and the character.

  • Shade Palette Exploration

    Charizard’s established coloration scheme, primarily orange and crimson, serves as a place to begin quite than a limitation. Coloring pages permit for exploration of different palettes, from real looking fireplace tones to fantastical combos. Experimentation with shading, highlights, and coloration gradients can create distinctive visible results, reworking Charizard’s look and evoking totally different moods or environments. For instance, utilizing cool blues and purples for the flames may depict a novel “ice-fire” Charizard, whereas metallic shades may counsel a robotic or futuristic interpretation.

  • Background Integration

    The background of a coloring web page provides an extra layer of inventive alternative. Integrating Charizard into numerous environments, from volcanic landscapes to celestial settings, enhances the narrative and visible influence. The background can complement or distinction with Charizard’s colours, making a cohesive visible story. A background that includes a fiery volcano reinforces Charizard’s fiery nature, whereas a serene forest backdrop may emphasize its energy in distinction to its environment.

  • Texture and Detailing

    Charizard’s textured pores and skin, wings, and horns invite experimentation with totally different coloring methods. Cross-hatching, stippling, and different detailing strategies can add depth and realism. These methods permit for the illustration of scales, feathers, or different intricate particulars, enhancing the visible complexity of the coloring web page. Including intricate patterns to Charizard’s wings, as an illustration, can mimic the fragile construction of insect wings or the colourful patterns of butterfly wings.

  • Thematic Interpretations

    Coloring pages can function a medium for thematic interpretations of Charizard. Making use of particular coloration schemes or including symbolic parts can signify totally different points of the character’s character or its function throughout the Pokmon universe. Utilizing darker, extra ominous colours may depict a villainous Charizard, whereas brighter, vibrant hues may signify a heroic or pleasant interpretation. Including parts like lightning bolts or power auras can additional improve these thematic representations.

The inventive coloring alternatives inherent in Charizard coloring pages remodel a easy exercise right into a platform for inventive expression and exploration. By encouraging experimentation with coloration palettes, backgrounds, textures, and thematic interpretations, these pages empower people to interact with the character in distinctive and imaginative methods, fostering a deeper appreciation for each the character and the inventive course of.

9. Selling Creative Expression

Charizard coloring pages, whereas seemingly easy, supply a worthwhile avenue for selling inventive expression, notably amongst kids. The act of coloring encourages creativity, permitting people to personalize a widely known character and discover numerous inventive methods. This fosters a way of possession and pleasure in a single’s inventive output, contributing to the event of inventive confidence and self-expression.

  • Shade Alternative and Personalization

    The liberty to decide on colours empowers people to imbue Charizard with their very own inventive imaginative and prescient. This personalization extends past merely staying throughout the strains; it permits for experimentation with totally different coloration palettes, shading methods, and the creation of distinctive visible results. A baby may select unconventional colours, reflecting their present temper or a selected interpretation of the character. This act of personalizing a well-liked determine fosters a way of possession and encourages inventive risk-taking.

  • Growth of Advantageous Motor Expertise and Hand-Eye Coordination

    The act of coloring, notably inside intricate designs, enhances nice motor abilities and hand-eye coordination. These abilities are important for numerous inventive pursuits and on a regular basis actions. The main focus required to rigorously coloration throughout the strains strengthens hand management and precision, contributing to total dexterity. This bodily engagement with the coloring web page enhances the inventive course of, reinforcing the connection between thoughts and physique in inventive expression.

  • Exploration of Creative Methods and Mediums

    Charizard coloring pages can function an introduction to numerous inventive methods. Experimenting with totally different coloring instruments, comparable to crayons, coloured pencils, or markers, permits people to discover the distinctive properties of every medium. This experimentation can prolong to mixing colours, creating textures, and growing shading methods, laying the inspiration for future exploration of extra complicated artwork types. Using watercolors, as an illustration, introduces the idea of mixing and layering, whereas coloured pencils permit for larger precision and management over shading.

  • Constructing Confidence and Encouraging Creativity

    The completion of a coloring web page, notably a posh one, supplies a way of accomplishment and boosts vanity. This optimistic reinforcement encourages additional inventive exploration and risk-taking. Sharing completed art work with others fosters a way of pleasure and additional validates the inventive course of. The act of sharing can even encourage others and contribute to a optimistic suggestions loop, strengthening the connection between inventive expression and private development.

Charizard coloring pages, due to this fact, supply greater than only a leisure exercise; they supply a worthwhile platform for selling inventive expression and fostering creativity in people of all ages. By offering alternatives for personalization, ability growth, and artistic exploration, these coloring pages contribute to the event of inventive confidence and a lifelong appreciation for the ability of self-expression by way of artwork.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to Charizard coloring pages, offering readability and sensible steering.

Query 1: The place can appropriate coloring pages that includes Charizard be discovered?

Quite a few on-line sources supply printable Charizard coloring pages. Official Pokmon web sites, fan communities, and devoted coloring web page platforms typically present a big selection. Bodily coloring books that includes Charizard could be present in bookstores and on-line retailers.

Query 2: Are these coloring pages appropriate for all ages?

Designs vary in complexity, catering to numerous age teams and ability ranges. Less complicated outlines go well with youthful kids, whereas intricate illustrations problem older artists. Parental steering is really helpful for choosing age-appropriate content material.

Query 3: What coloring supplies are really helpful?

Crayons, coloured pencils, markers, and paints are all appropriate. The selection is dependent upon private choice and the complexity of the design. Experimentation with totally different mediums is inspired.

Query 4: Can these coloring pages be used for academic functions?

Coloring actions can improve nice motor abilities, coloration recognition, and creativity. Thematic coloring pages, comparable to these depicting Charizard utilizing particular assaults, can even spark discussions in regards to the character and its function throughout the Pokmon universe.

Query 5: Are there copyright issues when utilizing on-line sources?

Respecting copyright is essential. Utilizing coloring pages from official sources or these explicitly designated at no cost use is really helpful. Verifying licensing phrases earlier than distributing or modifying downloaded content material is important.

Query 6: How can accomplished coloring pages be finest preserved?

Defending completed art work can contain framing, laminating, or storing in protecting folders. Digital copies could be created by scanning or photographing the art work. These preservation strategies make sure the longevity of the inventive work and permit for sharing and show.

Understanding these incessantly requested questions ensures knowledgeable choice and utilization of Charizard coloring pages, maximizing their inventive and academic potential.

Additional exploration may delve into particular coloring methods, the historic context of character design, or the influence of fan artwork throughout the Pokmon group.

Suggestions for Coloring Charizard

The following pointers supply steering for maximizing the inventive potential of Charizard coloring pages, enhancing the inventive course of and outcomes.

Tip 1: Perceive Charizard’s Anatomy: Familiarizing oneself with Charizard’s defining featureswings, horns, tail flamesensures correct and impactful coloring. Recognizing the construction and placement of those parts permits for efficient use of coloration and shading to emphasise particulars and create a way of depth.

Tip 2: Experiment with Shade Palettes: Whereas conventional depictions emphasize oranges and reds, exploring different coloration schemes can yield hanging outcomes. Think about using cool blues and purples to create a contrasting impact or metallic shades for a futuristic interpretation. Experimentation is essential to discovering distinctive and personalised inventive expressions.

Tip 3: Make the most of Shading and Highlighting: Using shading and highlighting methods provides depth and dimension to the art work. Darker shades utilized to recessed areas and lighter shades on distinguished options create a three-dimensional impact, enhancing the realism and visible influence of the coloring.

Tip 4: Think about the Background: Integrating a background enhances the central determine and enhances the narrative. A volcanic backdrop reinforces Charizard’s fiery nature, whereas a celestial setting may emphasize a way of energy and mystique. The background ought to complement the chosen coloration palette and improve the general composition.

Tip 5: Discover Totally different Mediums: Crayons, coloured pencils, markers, and paints every supply distinct traits. Crayons present vibrant, strong colours, whereas coloured pencils permit for finer particulars and mixing. Experimentation with totally different mediums reveals their distinctive properties and expands inventive prospects.

Tip 6: Fluctuate Line Weights: Utilizing totally different line weights provides depth and visible curiosity. Thicker strains can outline main outlines and emphasize sure options, whereas thinner strains create finer particulars and textures. This variation prevents a flat look and provides a way of dynamism to the art work.

Tip 7: Reference Present Art work: Inspecting official art work and fan interpretations of Charizard can encourage new concepts and supply worthwhile insights into coloring methods. Observing how skilled artists depict the character’s options and make the most of coloration palettes can inform and improve one’s personal inventive strategy.

By implementing the following tips, people can elevate their coloring expertise, reworking Charizard coloring pages right into a platform for inventive exploration and self-expression. The event of those abilities transcends the speedy exercise, fostering a deeper appreciation for artwork and the inventive course of.

The next conclusion synthesizes the important thing themes explored all through this exploration of Charizard coloring pages and their inventive significance.

Conclusion

Coloring pages that includes the Pokmon character Charizard present a multifaceted inventive outlet. Evaluation reveals the importance of visible parts comparable to dynamic poses, detailed wing constructions, and the enduring tail flames. Exploration of various artwork kinds, from simplified depictions for youthful audiences to complicated illustrations for skilled colorists, demonstrates the broad enchantment and adaptableness of this character. The supply of printable codecs (PDF, JPG) ensures accessibility, whereas the inventive coloring alternatives encourage inventive expression and personalization.

Charizard coloring pages transcend mere leisure; they function a platform for inventive exploration, ability growth, and private expression. The enduring reputation of this character, coupled with the inherent inventive potential inside these coloring actions, ensures their continued relevance throughout the broader context of fan engagement and inventive growth. Additional investigation into the intersection of character design, fan artwork, and artistic expression provides promising avenues for future exploration.